Power generation apparatus

ABSTRACT

A power generation apparatus includes a dielectric, a movable member being opposed to the dielectric with a predetermined distance, and an electret and an opposing electrode that are formed on the surface of the movable member facing the dielectric so as to generate a fringe electric field penetrating the dielectric between the two electrodes. When the volume occupancy of the dielectric between the electret and the opposing electrode varies in accordance with a displacement of the movable member, the power generation apparatus outputs the electric charge induced in the opposing electrode as electric current.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is based on Japanese Patent Application No. 2009-213155filed on Sep. 15, 2009.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

1. Field of the Invention

The present invention relates to a power generation apparatus forconverting kinetic energy (vibrational energy) into electric energy, andparticularly to a vibration drive capacitive power generation apparatusthat is manufactured by using micro electromechanical system (MEMS)technology.

2. Description of Related Art

FIG. 54 is a schematic diagram illustrating a conventional example of avibration power generation apparatus that is manufactured by using theMEMS technology. The vibration power generation apparatus of theconventional example has a structure including an upper unit U1 and alower unit U2 that are manufactured separately by using a bulk MEMStechnology and then are glued to each other.

In FIG. 54, numeral 100 denotes parylene (registered trademark), numeral101 denotes a silicon substrate, numeral 102 denotes a silica layer,numeral 103 denotes an electret, numeral 104 denotes an opposingelectrode, numeral 105 denotes a base electrode, numeral 106 denotesPyrex (registered trademark), and numeral 107 denotes a spacer.

The principle of operation of the vibration power generation apparatushaving the above-mentioned structure is that an overlapping area betweenthe electret 103 and the opposing electrode 104 is varied by vibrationin the two dimensional plane direction (X direction and Y direction),and a variation of electric charge induced to the opposing electrode 104is extracted as current.

Further, as a related art of the vibration power generation apparatusthat is manufactured by using the MEMS technology, there is, forexample, JP-A-2009-77614 (hereinafter referred to as Patent Document 1).

However, in the conventional vibration power generation apparatusdescribed above, the generated power is approximately 10 μW, which canbe used for a limited application.

In addition, the above-mentioned conventional vibration power generationapparatus has a structure in which the electret 103 and the opposingelectrode 104 face each other. Therefore, if a gap distance between theupper unit U1 and the lower unit U2 is designed too small, electrostaticattraction acts between the electret 103 and the opposing electrode 104so that they contact with each other, or injected electric charge of theelectret 103 may be discharged. Therefore, the gap distance between theupper unit U1 and the lower unit U2 should be designed to be a certainvalue. However, in order to increase the gap distance and still toobtain a large variation of capacitance by the vibration, it isnecessary to design areas of the electret 103 and the opposing electrode104 to be large. As a result, it is required to increase the gapdistance more. Because of this vicious circle, the above-mentionedconventional vibration power generation apparatus is designed, forexample, to have a gap distance of approximately 70 μm and a lateraldimension of the electret 103 of approximately 150 μm. Therefore, thereis plenty of room for improvement in downsizing the apparatus.

Further, in the above-mentioned conventional vibration power generationapparatus, electric charge injection (electrification) into the electret103 is performed in a noncontact manner by using corona discharge(atmospheric discharge) before gluing the upper unit U1 and the lowerunit U2 to each other. However, a large scale of corona dischargeequipment is necessary for perform such the electric charge injectionprocess, which is disadvantage in manufacturing cost.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

In view of the above-mentioned problem, it is an object of the presentinvention to provide a compact power generation apparatus with highoutput.

To achieve the above-mentioned object, a power generation apparatusaccording to the present invention includes a dielectric, a movablemember being opposed to the dielectric with a predetermined distance,and an electret and an opposing electrode that are formed on the surfaceof the movable member facing the dielectric so as to generate a fringeelectric field penetrating into the dielectric between the twoelectrodes. When the volume occupancy of the dielectric between theelectret and the opposing electrode varies in accordance with adisplacement of the movable member, the power generation apparatusoutputs the electric charge induced in the opposing electrode aselectric current.

Note that other features, elements, steps, merits and characteristics ofthe present invention will be clarified by the following detaileddescription of the best mode embodiment and the attached drawings.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is an electric model diagram of an opposing electrode powergeneration apparatus using a ferroelectric PZT plate.

FIG. 2A is a schematic diagram for illustrating an effect of splittingan electret to be a comb teeth member (without a comb teeth process)

FIG. 2B is a schematic diagram for illustrating the effect of splittingan electret to be a comb teeth member (with a comb teeth process)

FIG. 3A is a schematic diagram for illustrating a principle ofelectricity generation (initial position of a movable member)

FIG. 3B is a schematic diagram for illustrating a principle ofelectricity generation (after horizontal displacement of the movablemember)

FIG. 3C is a schematic diagram for illustrating a principle ofelectricity generation (after vertical displacement of the movablemember)

FIG. 4 is a diagram of a simulation model.

FIG. 5 is a graph illustrating a variation of capacitance with respectto a displacement in the X direction (horizontal direction).

FIG. 6 is a graph illustrating a variation of capacitance with respectto a displacement in the Z direction (vertical direction).

FIG. 7 is a schematic diagram illustrating a concept of a powergeneration apparatus that support all the X, Y and Z directions.

FIG. 8A is a cross sectional view illustrating a manufacturing processof the power generation apparatus (first state).

FIG. 8B is a cross sectional view illustrating the manufacturing processof the power generation apparatus (second state).

FIG. 8C is a cross sectional view illustrating the manufacturing processof the power generation apparatus (third state).

FIG. 8D is a cross sectional view illustrating the manufacturing processof the power generation apparatus (fourth state).

FIG. 8E is a cross sectional view illustrating the manufacturing processof the power generation apparatus (fifth state).

FIG. 8F is a cross sectional view illustrating the manufacturing processof the power generation apparatus (sixth state).

FIG. 9 is an equivalent circuit diagram of an electrostatic dischargesimulator.

FIG. 10A is a diagram illustrating schematically a discharge conditionof a CYTOP film (atmospheric discharge model)

FIG. 10B is a diagram illustrating schematically a discharge conditionof the CYTOP film (contact discharge model)

FIG. 11 is a perspective view illustrating a structure of the powergeneration apparatus according to the first embodiment of the presentinvention.

FIG. 12 is a cross sectional view cut along the line α1-α1 in FIG. 11.

FIG. 13 is a plan view of the power generation apparatus according tothe first embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 14 is a perspective view illustrating a structure of aferroelectric layer of the power generation apparatus according to thefirst embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 15 is a plan view of a proof mass of the power generation apparatusaccording to the first embodiment of the present invention, which isviewed from the bottom side.

FIG. 16 is a cross sectional view cut along the line β1-β1 in FIG. 13.

FIG. 17 is a perspective view illustrating a part of the powergeneration apparatus according to the first embodiment of the presentinvention.

FIG. 18 is a schematic cross sectional view for illustrating anoperation of the power generation apparatus according to the firstembodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 19 is a graph illustrating a relationship between a thickness ofthe ferroelectric layer and a cover ratio.

FIG. 20 is a cross sectional view for illustrating a manufacturingmethod of the power generation apparatus according to the firstembodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 21 is a cross sectional view for illustrating the manufacturingmethod of the power generation apparatus according to the firstembodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 22 is a cross sectional view for illustrating a manufacturingmethod of the power generation apparatus according to the firstembodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 23 is a cross sectional view for illustrating a manufacturingmethod of the power generation apparatus according to the firstembodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 24 is a cross sectional view for illustrating a manufacturingmethod of the power generation apparatus according to the firstembodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 25 is a cross sectional view for illustrating a manufacturingmethod of the power generation apparatus according to the firstembodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 26 is a cross sectional view for illustrating a manufacturingmethod of the power generation apparatus according to the firstembodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 27 is a plan view for illustrating a manufacturing method of thepower generation apparatus according to the first embodiment of thepresent invention.

FIG. 28 is a cross sectional view for illustrating a manufacturingmethod of the power generation apparatus according to the firstembodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 29 is a perspective view illustrating a structure of a powergeneration apparatus according to a second embodiment of the presentinvention.

FIG. 30 is a cross sectional view cut along the line α2-α2 in FIG. 29.

FIG. 31 is a plan view of the power generation apparatus according tothe second embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 32 is a perspective view illustrating a structure of aferroelectric layer of the power generation apparatus according to thesecond embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 33 is a plan view of a proof mass of the power generation apparatusaccording to the second embodiment of the present invention, which isviewed from the bottom side.

FIG. 34 is an enlarged perspective view of a structure of a beam portionof the power generation apparatus according to the second embodiment ofthe present invention.

FIG. 35 is a cross sectional view cut along the line β2-β2 in FIG. 31.

FIG. 36 is a perspective view for illustrating an operation of the powergeneration apparatus according to the second embodiment of the presentinvention.

FIG. 37 is a graph illustrating a relationship between a thickness ofthe ferroelectric layer and a cover ratio.

FIG. 38 is a cross sectional view for illustrating a manufacturingmethod of the power generation apparatus according to the secondembodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 39 is a cross sectional view for illustrating the manufacturingmethod of the power generation apparatus according to the secondembodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 40 is a cross sectional view for illustrating the manufacturingmethod of the power generation apparatus according to the secondembodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 41 is a cross sectional view for illustrating the manufacturingmethod of the power generation apparatus according to the secondembodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 42 is a cross sectional view for illustrating the manufacturingmethod of the power generation apparatus according to the secondembodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 43 is a cross sectional view for illustrating the manufacturingmethod of the power generation apparatus according to the secondembodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 44 is a cross sectional view for illustrating the manufacturingmethod of the power generation apparatus according to the secondembodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 45 is a cross sectional view for illustrating the manufacturingmethod of the power generation apparatus according to the secondembodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 46 is a cross sectional view for illustrating the manufacturingmethod of the power generation apparatus according to the secondembodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 47 is a plan view for illustrating a manufacturing method of thepower generation apparatus according to the second embodiment of thepresent invention.

FIG. 48 is a cross sectional view for illustrating the manufacturingmethod of the power generation apparatus according to the secondembodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 49 is a perspective view illustrating a structure of a proof massand a beam portion of a power generation apparatus according to a firstvariation example of the present invention.

FIG. 50 is a perspective view illustrating a structure of a powergeneration apparatus according to a second variation example of thepresent invention.

FIG. 51A is cross sectional view illustrating a structure of a powergeneration apparatus (metal layer protruding type) according to a thirdvariation example of the present invention.

FIG. 51B is cross sectional view illustrating a structure of a powergeneration apparatus (metal layer embedded type) according to a thirdvariation example of the present invention.

FIG. 52A is a schematic diagram for illustrating a principle ofelectricity generation of a power generation apparatus according to afourth variation example of the present invention (initial position ofthe movable member)

FIG. 52B is a schematic diagram for illustrating the principle ofelectricity generation of the power generation apparatus according tothe fourth variation example of the present invention (after horizontaldisplacement of the movable member)

FIG. 53A is a cross sectional view illustrating a first structuralexample (trench type) of the power generation apparatus according to thefourth variation example of the present invention.

FIG. 53B is a cross sectional view illustrating a second structuralexample (silica lamination type) of the power generation apparatusaccording to the fourth variation example of the present invention.

FIG. 53C is a cross sectional view illustrating a third structuralexample (protective layer formation type) of the power generationapparatus according to the fourth variation example of the presentinvention.

FIG. 54 is a schematic diagram illustrating a conventional example of avibration power generation apparatus that is manufactured by using MEMStechnology.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

In this specification, a vibration drive power generation apparatus isproposed for a purpose of energy harvesting. In this power generationapparatus, electrets and opposing electrodes that are arrangedalternately are formed on the same surface of a lower portion of a proofmass. The power generation apparatus proposed in this specification hasthe following characteristics. A first characteristic is that a fringeelectric field formed in a ferroelectric substrate is utilized. A secondcharacteristic is that a variation of volume occupancy of a dielectricbetween two electrodes is utilized. A third characteristic is thatferroelectric having a large relative permittivity of 1,000 or larger isused not as a movable member but as a substrate. A fourth characteristicis that a capacitance variation larger than before can be expected withrespect to a movement of a proof mass. A fifth characteristic is thatsurface micromachining can be used so that the structure includingelectrical wiring can be simplified for reducing manufacturing cost.Note that this specification describes calculation of electric field anda survey on capacitance variation for confirming validity of theproposed principle of operation, and a finite element method (FEM)simulation is used for the calculation and the survey. An MEMSmanufacturing process is designed for a power generation systemconstituted of three devices corresponding to a multi-axial direction (Xaxis direction, Y axis direction and Z axis direction). As a first stepfor manufacturing the device, a predetermined amount of electric chargeis injected appropriately in a polymer film (CYTOP (registeredtrademark) film) that is formed in a comb teeth shape.

(First Section—Introduction)

In recent years, a micro power generation system is getting theattention in the fields of batteries, thrusters and the like. Avibration drive power generation apparatus is reported as a battery forlow power consumption application such as ubiquitous sensor network ormobile communication. Compared with an electromagnetic type or apiezoelectric type, an electrostatic power generation apparatus isconsidered to be advantageous in compatibility with a micromachiningtechnology and with vibration in a low frequency band of a few tens Hzor lower. There are some reports of surveying power generation capacityof capacitive vibration drive power generation apparatuses in which themicromachining process is used. Note that the vibration drive powergeneration apparatus utilizes an electret. The electret is an elementthat holds the injected electric charge for a long time, i.e.,semipermanently. This specification also puts emphasis on a capacitiveMEMS power generation apparatus that uses the electret.

In the reported capacitive power generation apparatus described above, agas such as air or a vacuum (relative permittivity ∈=1) is used as aninsulator between the two electrodes. If the insulator is replaced witha ferroelectric, e.g., PZT or BaTiO₃ having a relative permittivity ∈that is much higher than that of the insulator (the relativepermittivity ∈ is usually 1,000 or larger), a higher power generationoutput can be expected. In addition, the reported capacitive powergeneration apparatus described above usually utilizes vibration in asingle direction. In order to recover kinetic energy due to randommovements of a human body, it is more preferable to adopt a powergeneration apparatus that utilizes multi-axial vibration.

In view of this situation, the inventor of this application aims atdeveloping an electret power generation system in accordance with avariation of capacitance generated by movement of a proof mass. Thiselectret power generation system has the following two characteristics.A first characteristic is that the above-mentioned power generationapparatus can generate electric current not only from vibration in thehorizontal direction but also by vibration in the vertical direction.This is useful for improving efficiency of energy recovery. A secondcharacteristic is that the above-mentioned power generation apparatusutilizes not only an overlapping area and/or a gap distance between twoelectrodes but also a variation of volume occupancy of a dielectricbetween two electrodes.

In order to achieve the latter purpose, the inventor of this applicationhas reported a power generation apparatus that uses ferroelectric PZT(having a relative permittivity ∈_(r) of 2,600) as the proof mass for apurpose of obtaining a very large variation of capacitance. Theprinciple of this electret power generation apparatus is illustratedschematically in FIG. 1. FIG. 1 is an electric model diagram of anopposing electrode power generation apparatus using a ferroelectric PZTplate. In FIG. 1, A1 denotes a base electrode, A2 denotes an electret,A3 denotes a parylene, A4 denotes a PZT plate, and A5 denotes anopposing electrode. Initially, a predetermined amount of electric chargeQ is trapped in the electret A2 on the base electrode A1. Therefore,when a variation occurs in a capacitance value C between two electrodes(the electret A2 and the opposing electrode A5), a part of the electriccharge Q is induced to the opposing electrode A5, so that current I issupplied to the external circuit. Note that the capacitance value C isexpressed by the following equation (1).C=∈ _(r)∈₀ S/d  (1)

In the above equation (1), ∈₀ denotes a dielectric constant of air, Sdenotes an overlapping area between the two electrodes opposed to eachother, and d denotes a gap distance between the two electrodes. When theproof mass is driven to vibrate in the horizontal direction, theabove-mentioned overlapping area S varies so that the capacitance valueC varies by ΔC. Note that the product of the relative permittivity ∈_(r)and the overlapping area S affects the capacitance value C. Therefore,it should be noted that a larger variation ΔC can be obtained if therelative permittivity ∈_(r) is larger. On the other hand, when the proofmass is driven to vibrate in the vertical direction, the above-mentionedgap distance d varies so that the capacitance value C varies by ΔC. Inthis case too, it is preferable that the relative permittivity ∈_(r) islarger because of the same reason as described above.

However, the reported power generation apparatus described above has oneproblem. In the conventional capacitive power generation apparatusincluding this power generation apparatus, the electret A2 should besplit into comb teeth portions as illustrated in FIGS. 2A and 2B (thatare schematic diagrams for illustrating an effect of splitting theelectret into comb teeth portions) so as to increase the variation ΔC ofthe capacitance value C when the proof mass is moved in the horizontaldirection. The reason is as follows. Comparing the variation ratio ofthe overlapping area in the structure of FIG. 2A with that in thestructure of FIG. 2B, the former is b/a while the latter is 2nΔ(b/a),where n denotes the number of the comb teeth. Therefore, the latter is ntimes the former as the area variation ratio with respect to the samehorizontal displacement.

In this case, in order to maximize the overlapping area S between thetwo electrodes for a purpose of increasing the power generation amount,it is necessary to achieve precise registration between the comb teethelectret A2 and the corresponding comb teeth opposing electrode A5. Aconventional capacitive power generation apparatus is usuallyconstituted of a member supporting the electret A2 and a membersupporting the opposing electrode A5. These members are manufacturedseparately and are finally glued to be opposed to each other with a verysmall gap distance. However, in this assembling structure, it is verydifficult to achieve the precise registration between the electret A2and the opposing electrode A5.

In order to solve this problem, the capacitive power generationapparatus in which the surface micromachining can be used is proposed inthis specification. Further, as illustrated in FIGS. 3A to 3C, the combteeth electret B2 and opposing electrode B4 are formed on the samesurface in the lower portion of the proof mass B1 in the powergeneration apparatus. This arrangement is achieved precisely by using asingle mask according to a photolithography technique. In addition,electric wiring is necessary only on the surface of the proof mass B1but is not necessary on the surface of the substrate B5. Therefore, itcan be expected to simplify the structure so as to reduce manufacturingcost. In addition, in the power generation apparatus, the proof mass B1is disposed above the ferroelectric substrate B5 made of BaTiO₃ or thelike formed by screen printing on a bulk PZT or a ceramic substrate. Aferroelectric material is usually difficult to be etched. Therefore, inthe power generation apparatus proposed here, the ferroelectric is usednot as the suspended proof mass B1 but as the substrate B5 in view ofthe actual manufacturing process. This structure is one ofcharacteristics of the power generation apparatus proposed here. Thefringe electric field B7 formed in the ferroelectric substrate B5 iseffectively used, and detailed principle thereof will be describedlater.

The original characteristics of the power generation apparatus proposedhere can be summarized as follows. A first characteristic is to utilizethe fringe electric field that is formed between two electrodes (i.e.,the electret and the opposing electrode) that are arranged alternately.A second characteristic is to utilize a variation of volume occupancy ofthe dielectric between the two electrodes. A third characteristic isthat the ferroelectric having a relative permittivity of 1,000 or largeris used not as the proof mass but as the substrate. A fourthcharacteristic is that a capacitance variation larger than before can beexpected with respect to a movement of a proof mass, so that largerpower generation amount can be obtained by the above-mentioned designs.A fifth characteristic is that surface micromachining can be used sothat the structure including electrical wiring can be simplified forreducing manufacturing cost.

In addition, contents of this specification described below areorganized as follows. The next section (Second section) describes aconcept of the power generation apparatus proposed here and theprinciple of operation. Third section describes a finite element method(FEM) simulation for performing the calculation of electric field andthe survey on variation of capacitance. Fourth section describes amanufacturing process of the power generation apparatus. Fifth sectiondescribes injection of a predetermined amount of electric charge into apolymer CYTOP film prior to the actual production of the powergeneration apparatus. This is carried out to find out possibility ofmanufacturing the electret by using the facility in the laboratory.

(Second Section—Concept and Principle of Operation)

2.1 Structure of the Apparatus

In this section, the concept and the principle of operation will bedescribed with reference to FIGS. 3A to 3C. Each of FIGS. 3A to 3C is aschematic diagram for describing the principle of electricitygeneration. FIGS. 3A to 3C respectively illustrate a state where themovable member is at an initial position, a state after the movablemember is moved horizontally, and a state after the movable member ismoved vertically. In FIGS. 3A to 3C, B1 denotes the proof mass (movablemember), B2 denotes the electret, B3 denotes the base electrode, B4denotes the opposing electrode, B5 denotes the ferroelectric substrate,B6 denotes a floating electrode, and B7 denotes the fringe electricfield.

The electret B2 is made of a polymer material (e.g., CYTOP in thisembodiment) formed adjacent to the base electrode B3 that iselectrically grounded. The comb teeth electret B2 is formed on the undersurface of a movable member B1 made of an insulator (e.g., SU-8 orparylene in this embodiment) as illustrated in FIGS. 3A to 3C. The combteeth opposing electrode B4 is formed on the under surface of themovable member B1 similarly to the electret B2. In other words, twoelectrodes (i.e., the electret B2 and the opposing electrode B4) areformed and arranged alternately on the under surface of the movablemember B1. The fringe electric field B7 is formed between the twoelectrodes. Using the fringe electric field B7, it is possible to usesurface micromachining that is more preferable for manufacturing andcost.

Using the MEMS technology, the movable member B1 is formed above theferroelectric substrate B5 made of BaTiO₃ or the like on the PZT plateor a ceramic plate. Here, it is known that an electric flux linepenetrates into a dielectric but cannot penetrate into an electricconductor. Therefore, the metal floating electrode B6 having a combteeth shape is formed on a surface of the ferroelectric substrate B5.Note that the metal floating electrode B6 formed on the surface of theferroelectric substrate B5 is electrically floating, i.e., is notconnected to the ground terminal or a power supply terminal.

2.2 Principle of Operation in Horizontal Vibration

When the movable member B1 is moved in the horizontal direction by anexternal vibration input, a relative positional relationship between thefringe electric field B7 and the floating electrode B6 varies ascompared with reference to FIGS. 3A and 3B, so that the state of theelectric flux line penetrating into the ferroelectric substrate B5varies. In other words, the electric flux line can easily penetrate intothe ferroelectric substrate B5 in the initial position of the movablemember B1 (see FIG. 3A), but the electric flux line is blocked with thefloating electrode B6 and can hardly penetrate into the ferroelectricsubstrate B5 in the position of the movable member B1 after thehorizontal displacement (see FIG. 3B). This fact means that thecapacitance C formed between the electret B2 and the opposing electrodeB4 (i.e., ∈_(r)∈₀S/d, see First section about meanings of the symbols)varies. This variation occurs in accordance with a variation of a volumeratio of the dielectric to air between two electrodes, i.e., a variationof equivalent relative permittivity ∈_(r).

Along with the variation of capacitance between two electrodes, apredetermined amount of electric charge Q is induced in the opposingelectrode B4. Then, the electric charge Q is derived as current I basedon the following equation (2).I=dQ/dt=V _(charge) ·dC/dt  (2)

Note that V_(charge) represents surface voltage of the electret B2 inthe equation (2). On the left side of each of FIGS. 3A and 3B, there isan equivalent circuit illustrating schematically the concept and theprinciple of operation of the power generation apparatus proposed here.

As understood from the equation (2), it should be noted that a largervalue of the relative permittivity ∈_(r) is desirable for generating alarge current I. The equation (2) indicates that it is important toadopt a material having high relative permittivity, i.e., aferroelectric as the material of the substrate B5.

2.3 Principle of Operation in Vertical Vibration

It is supposed that the movable member B1 is moved in the verticaldirection as compared with reference to FIGS. 3A and 3C. When thevertical distance between the movable member B1 and the substrate B5decreases, the equivalent relative permittivity ∈_(r) increases. On thecontrary, when the vertical distance between the movable member B1 andthe substrate B5 increases, the equivalent relative permittivity ∈_(r)decreases. Therefore, the power generation is performed based on thesame principle as the case of the vibration in the horizontal direction.

(Third Section—FEM Simulation of the Variation of Capacitance)

3.1 Conditions of the Simulation

In this section, the principle of operation described above is confirmedtheoretically. It is difficult to calculate the fringe electric field inan analyzing manner. Therefore, the FEM simulation was performed so asto know the relationship between the variation of capacitance and themovement of proof mass. FEMLAB of Comsol Corporation was adopted as FEMsoftware. Conditions of the simulation are illustrated in FIG. 4. Notethat symbols in FIG. 4 are the same as those in FIGS. 3A to 3C. B1denotes the proof mass (made of parylene (∈_(r)=3.15)), B2 denotes theelectret (made of CYTOP (∈_(r)=2.1), surface voltage=−300 V), B3 denotesthe base electrode (0 V), B4 denotes the opposing electrode (0 V), B5denotes the substrate (made of PZT (∈_(r)=2,600) or SiO₂ (∈_(r)=3.1)),and B6 denotes the floating electrode. In addition, B8 denotes the airin the gap. As illustrated in FIG. 4, a two-dimensional (2D) model wasadopted in this FEM simulation considering symmetry. As to structure,materials and dimensions, a concrete manufacturing process designed foran actual power generation apparatus (that is described in detail inFourth section) is referred.

To check an effect of using a ferroelectric as the substrate, not onlyPZT (∈_(r)=2,600) but also SiO₂ (∈_(r)=3.1) was used as a material ofthe substrate B5 for comparison.

A total capacitance value of an analysis space is calculated by integralof electric data of every FEM element in the following equation (3).

$\begin{matrix}{C = {\frac{2\; W_{e}}{V_{charge}^{2}} = {\frac{2}{V_{charge}^{2}}{\int_{S}^{\;}{0.5\left( {{E_{x}D_{x}} + {E_{y}D_{y}}} \right)\ {\mathbb{d}s}}}}}} & (3)\end{matrix}$

In the equation (3), W_(e) denotes total electric energy, V_(charge)denotes surface voltage of the electret B2 (having an assumed value of−300 V, see Fifth section). E denotes the electric field, and D denoteselectric displacement amount. Using the above-mentioned parameter valuesin the analysis space, a total capacitance value of 1 mm×1 mm plate iscalculated.

3.2 Result of the Simulation

From a result of the simulation concerning distribution of the electricflux line and a potential, it was confirmed that the electric flux linesecurely penetrates into the ferroelectric substrate B5 through it isblocked partially with the floating electrode B6.

In addition, the capacitance C in accordance with the equation (1) isobtained from the displacement of the proof mass B1. A result of thesimulation of the variation of capacitance in accordance with the massdisplacement in the horizontal direction (X direction) from the initialposition (see FIG. 3A) is shown in FIG. 5. Similarly, a result of thesimulation of the variation of capacitance in accordance with the massdisplacement in the vertical direction (Z direction), i.e., the gapdistance between the movable member B1 and the surface of the substrateB5 is shown in FIG. 6.

From these diagrams, it is proved that the capacitance varies securelyin accordance with each of the mass displacements in the horizontaldirection and in the vertical direction. This is effective forgenerating power in accordance with a multi-axial vibration input. Inaddition, it is proved that a variation ratio of capacitance inaccordance with the mass displacement is superior in the case using thePZT substrate to that in the case using the SiO₂ substrate. Thisindicates that usage of the ferroelectric substrate having largerelative permittivity is effective.

(Fourth Section—Manufacturing Process)

An outline of the MEMS power generation system is illustrated in FIG. 7.Note that the MEMS power generation system illustrated in FIG. 7includes three power generation apparatuses C1, C2 and C3 for X, Y and Zdirections, respectively. In addition, D1 denotes the proof mass(movable member), D2 denotes a beam portion, D3 denotes the electret, D4denotes the opposing electrode, and D5 denotes the floating electrode inFIG. 7.

A manufacturing process for the power generation apparatus proposed hereis designed for an actual power generation apparatus as illustrated inFIGS. 8A to 8F. In this section, the details thereof will be describedas follows.

FIG. 8A illustrates a manner in which spattering of aluminum andpatterning thereof are performed for forming the floating electrode.

First, a silicon wafer E1 (having a thickness of 500 μm) is prepared. APZT plate E3 (10 mm square having a thickness of 100 μm, manufactured byFuruuchi Chemical Corporation, ∈_(r)=2,600) with a polished surface isglued onto the silicon wafer E1. In this case, polydimethylsilozane(PDMS) is used as adhesive E2. After that, an aluminum E4 layer (havinga thickness of 0.1 μm) is formed on the surface of the PZT plate E3 byspattering, and the comb teeth floating electrode is formed bypatterning.

FIG. 8B illustrates a manner in which amorphous silicon is deposited byusing a plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) method andfurther slots and dimples are formed in the amorphous silicon.

An amorphous silicon layer E5 (having a thickness of 1 μm) is depositedas a sacrificial layer by using the PECVD method. After that, etchingprocess is performed for forming slots E6 and dimples E7 by using theSF₆ plasma. Note that a function of the amorphous silicon layer E5 willbe described later.

FIG. 8C illustrates a manner in which the parylene is deposited forprotecting the injected electric charge, and then CYTOP is formed byspin coating, and further the CYTOP is etched by O₂ plasma.

A parylene layer E8 (having a thickness of 2 μm) is deposited by a CVDmethod for a purpose of protecting the injected electric charge in theelectret from being discharged in the following process or even in a usein which the movable member collides with the substrate. Since theparylene layer E8 is deposited in an isometric manner, the slot E6 inthe amorphous silicon layer E5 (see also FIG. 8B) is filled with theparylene E8. Thus, an anchor is formed so as to connect the movablemember with the substrate. In view of mechanical strength of theconnecting member for connecting the beam portion with the anchorportion and the mass portion, it is desirable that height of theparylene layer E8 is the same between the anchor portion and the massportion. Therefore, the slot E6 is formed in the amorphous silicon layerE5, so that a contact area with anchor becomes a minimum area. Inaddition, the parylene E8 is also filled in the dimples E7 formed in theamorphous silicon layer E5 (see also FIG. 8B), so that bumps forpreventing sticktion (sticking) are formed after the amorphous siliconlayer E5 is removed.

The CYTOP film E9 (CTL-809 type manufactured by ASAHI GLASS CO., LTD.)is formed by spin coating on the surface of the parylene layer E8 and isdried at 120 degrees Celsius for 10 minutes. Note that a thickness of0.3 μm can be obtained per one time of spin coating. This process isrepeated 10 times, and a total thickness of 3 μm can be obtained. Then,it is dried at 180 degrees Celsius for an hour finally. The CYTOP filmE9 is etched by O₂ plasma so that the comb teeth electret region isformed.

FIG. 8D illustrates a manner in which spattering and patterning ofaluminum is performed so that the opposing electrode is formed. Notethat the injection of electric charge into the CYTOP film by coronadischarge (atmospheric discharge) is performed at this point of time.

An aluminum layer E10 (having a thickness of 0.5 μm) is formed byspattering and patterned so that the comb teeth opposing electrode isformed. After that, a predetermined amount of electric charge isinjected into the completed CYTOP film E9 (see also FIG. 8C) by thecorona discharge (atmospheric discharge) (details will be describedlater in Fifth section). Note that the assumed value of the surfacevoltage V_(charge) is −300 V.

FIG. 8E illustrates a manner in which parylene is deposited and aluminumis spattered to make a base electrode on the parylene, and afterwardparylene is further deposited.

A parylene layer E11 (having a thickness of 4 μm) is deposited forpreventing discharge. An aluminum E12 (having a thickness of 0.5 μm) isspattered and patterned so that a substrate electrode of the comb teethelectret is formed. Then, a parylene layer E13 (having a thickness of 3μm) is further deposited for preventing discharge.

FIG. 8F illustrates a manner in which an SU-8 layer is formed by spincoating and patterning, and afterward the parylene is etched by O₂plasma, and further the amorphous silicon is etched by XeF₂ so that theproof mass portion and the beam portion are separated from thedielectric substrate.

An SU-8 layer E14 (thick photoresist manufactured by KAYAKU MICROCHEMCorporation, KMPR-1035) is spin-coated and patterned so that the proofmass portion is formed. After that, the parylene layers E13, E11 and E8(see also FIGS. 8E and 8B) are etched by O₂ plasma so that thesupporting beam portion is formed. Finally, the sacrificial amorphoussilicon E5 (see also FIG. 8B) is removed by using XeF₂ gas so that themass portion and the beam portion are separated from the dielectricsubstrate. This dry etching process is effective for preventingsticktion. Note that it is necessary to design the material constitutingthe beam portion (spring portion) for supporting the proof mass portionto have a large aspect ratio (vertical/horizontal) so that the powergeneration is performed efficiently from movement of human body or thelike (vibration at a few tens Hz). Therefore, as illustrated in FIG. 8F,the SU-8 layer E14 that can easily form a thick film is adopted as thematerial of the beam portion.

A part of these processes is carried out actually at present, and theoptimal process condition is being searched by cut and try.Manufacturing and evaluation of an actual power generation apparatuswill be studied in the future.

(Fifth Section—Electric Charge Injection Test)

This section will describe a preliminary experiment of injecting apredetermined amount of electric charge into the CYTOP film. As a matterof course, it is confirmed by other study that electric charge can beinjected into the CYTOP film. Therefore, a result described here is atype of follow-up study by the inventor with facilities that areavailable to the inventor so as to confirm the charging ability.

First, a silicon wafer is prepared. A parylene layer (having a thicknessof 2 μm) is deposited as an insulator for preventing discharge on asurface of the wafer. After that, a CYTOP film (having a thickness of 3μm) is formed thereon (see Fourth section about details). The CYTOP filmis etched by O₂ plasma so as to form a line and space pattern of 5 μmand 5 μm to be the comb teeth electret.

The predetermined amount of electric charge is injected into the CYTOPfilm processed by the corona discharge. For this purpose, anelectrostatic discharge simulator (manufactured by NOISE LABORATORY CO.,LTD, Type ESS-2002) is used. In this experiment, the output voltage fromthe discharge gun is set to −8 kV. An equivalent electric circuit isschematically illustrated in FIG. 9. In the experiment, two dischargemodels are used. One is an atmospheric discharge model (see FIG. 10A),and the other is a contact discharge model (see FIG. 10B). The dischargewas performed total 600 times with an interval of 0.5 seconds betweensubsequent discharges. In the contact discharge, the switch was turnedoff during a discharge period so that the sample is kept in an insulatedstate.

In FIGS. 10A and 10B, F1 denotes the silicon wafer, F2 denotes theparylene layer, F3 denotes the CYTOP film, F4 denotes the dischargesimulator, and F5 denotes the switch.

After the discharging process described above, surface voltage of theCYTOP film was measured with an electrostatic sensor (manufactured bySUNX Limited, Type EF-S1). As a result, it was confirmed thatapproximately −350 V was obtained in the atmospheric discharge modelwhile approximately −250 V was obtained in the contact discharge model.Using the electrostatic discharge simulator, charge injection into theCYTOP film can surely be performed, and it is proved that theatmospheric discharge model is more preferable than the contactdischarge model in view of obtaining high surface voltage. However,other study has reported that higher surface voltage of approximately−1,000 V was obtained. It is a future task to study and catch up withthe value by changing the experimental conditions of the discharge suchas heating of the substrate during the discharge process.

(Sixth Section—Conclusion)

AS described above, this specification proposes the capacitive powergeneration apparatus that can use surface micromachining for a purposeof energy harvesting. The power generation apparatus has the structurein which the electret and the opposing electrode are arrangedalternately and are formed on the same surface in the lower portion ofthe proof mass. The power generation apparatus utilizes the fringeelectric field formed in the ferroelectric substrate having a largerelative permittivity of 1,000 or larger.

For calculation of electric field or survey on variation of capacitancein accordance with mass variation, finite element method (FEM)simulation was performed. As a result, it was confirmed that theprinciple of operation proposed here was correct. The MEMS manufacturingprocess is designed for the power generation system constituted of threedevices corresponding to multi-axial vibration (in the X axis direction,the Y axis direction, and the Z axis direction).

A general manufacturing method and evaluation of an actual powergeneration apparatus will be studied in the future. In particular, it isan important task to be investigated with high priority to confirmability of the parylene film that is used as a protective layer forpreventing discharge in the manufacturing process such as metaldeposition or wet etching.

According to the energy harvesting with the power generation apparatusdescribed above, inconvenience of worrying about battery life can beeliminated.

In addition, if the power generation apparatus described above is usedas a power source for various sensors and wireless devices (e.g., aZigBee 300 MHz band specific low-power wireless device), ubiquitousenvironment with a wireless sensor network can be established. In otherwords, a power supply wiring for various sensors and wireless devicesbecomes needless, so that information connection in a network can berealize by disposing the devices in a distributed manner.

Further, as a scene in which the ubiquitous environment using the powergeneration apparatus described above is used, there are medical andhealth field (health care and safety check), monitoring of a structure(monitoring a state of wiring or fastening bolts), monitoring of a plant(monitoring an abnormal state of facility), physical distributionmanagement (monitoring a distribution state and quality), and the like.

Note that surface micromachining can be applied to the power generationapparatus proposed in this specification, so that manufacturing cost canbe reduced.

In addition, a gap distance between the substrate and the proof mass(movable member) can be reduced in the power generation apparatusproposed in this specification, so that a smaller size and higherefficiency than the conventional structure can be realized.

In addition, according to the power generation apparatus proposed inthis specification, the fringe electric field and the ferroelectric canbe used so that the equivalent variation of the relative permittivitycan be utilized for the power generation action. Therefore, powergeneration efficiency (detection sensitivity of vibration) can beimproved largely compared with the conventional structure (in which avariation of overlapping area between the electret and the opposingelectrode is utilized for the power generation action).

In addition, according to the power generation apparatus proposed inthis specification, not only the vibration in the horizontal directionbut also the vibration in the vertical direction can be used for thepower generation action. Therefore, power generation efficiency canfurther be improved.

In addition, the above description mentions two types of methods ofinjecting electric charge into the electret, which are the coronadischarge (atmospheric discharge) and the contact discharge. Accordingto the power generation apparatus proposed in this specification, aterminal of exposed electret material (hereinafter referred to as anelectret terminal) is led out externally, so that electric charge can beinjected into the electret by the contact discharge in the final stageof the manufacturing process. Therefore, a large scale of coronadischarge facility is needless so that manufacturing cost can bereduced. Further, another merit is that there is no worry aboutdischarge during the manufacturing process. In addition, it is possibleto insert a discharge probe via a through hole formed in the movablemember for injecting electric charge into the CYTOP just before etchingthe sacrificial layer as the final step. Therefore, surfacemicromachining can be used unlike the conventional method in which thesubstrates are glued to each other. In addition, it is possible toeliminate misalignment between the comb teeth electrodes (electret andopposing electrode) in the lower portion of the movable member and thefloating electrode in the upper portion of the dielectric.

As described above, according to the power generation apparatus proposedin this specification, it is possible to realize high output of 100times and low cost of ½ compared with the conventional power generationapparatus.

Hereinafter, embodiments of the present invention will be described withreference to the attached drawings.

First Embodiment

FIG. 11 is a perspective view of a structure of a power generationapparatus according to a first embodiment of the present invention. FIG.12 is a cross sectional view cut along the line α1-α1 in FIG. 11. FIG.13 is a plan view of the power generation apparatus according to thefirst embodiment of the present invention illustrated in FIG. 11. FIGS.14 to 17 are diagrams for illustrating the structure of the powergeneration apparatus according to the first embodiment of the presentinvention. First, with reference to FIGS. 11 to 17, the structure of thepower generation apparatus 50 according to the first embodiment of thepresent invention will be described.

The power generation apparatus 50 according to the first embodimentincludes a ceramic substrate 1, a ferroelectric layer 2 formed on theceramic substrate 1, a frame portion 3 formed on the ceramic substrate 1so as to surround the ferroelectric layer 2, and a proof mass 4 disposedinside the frame portion 3 as illustrated in FIG. 11. Note that theferroelectric layer 2 is an example of the “dielectric layer” in thepresent invention, and the proof mass 4 is an example of the “movablemember” in the present invention.

The ceramic substrate 1 is made of Al₂O₃ and has a thickness ofapproximately 1 mm. A glaze layer 5 is formed on the upper surface ofthe ceramic substrate 1. Note that the glaze layer 5 is formed forobtaining a smooth surface that is suitable for forming theferroelectric layer 2 and the like thereon. In addition, a wiring layer6 is formed on the upper surface of the ceramic substrate 1 (glaze layer5) in a predetermined region outside the frame portion 3 by a screenprinting method. The wiring layer 6 is made of Au (gold), for example.

Here, the ferroelectric layer 2 of the first embodiment is made ofBaTiO₃ (having a relative permittivity of 1,000 or larger). In addition,the ferroelectric layer 2 is formed on the ceramic substrate 1 (glazelayer 5) in a predetermined region by a screen printing method asillustrated in FIGS. 12 and 14. The ferroelectric layer 2 hassubstantially a rectangular shape in a plan view.

In addition, in the first embodiment, the ferroelectric layer 2 isformed to have a thickness of 5 μm or larger. Specifically, theferroelectric layer 2 is formed to have a thickness t1 of 5 to 20 μm(see FIG. 16).

In addition, the proof mass 4 is made of parylene (a resin of paraxylenesystem) and is formed to have a thickness t2 of approximately 5 μm (seeFIG. 16) as illustrated in FIGS. 12 and 16. In addition, the proof mass4 is formed to have substantially a rectangular shape (with a sidelength of approximately 1000 μm) in a plan view as illustrated in FIG.13.

Here, in the first embodiment, as illustrated in FIG. 15, two electrodes(first electrode 7 and second electrode 8) are formed on the back side(under surface side) of the proof mass 4 so as to be adjacent to eachother in the same plane. Specifically, each of the first electrode 7 andthe second electrode 8 is formed like a comb teeth in a plan view. Inaddition, comb teeth portions 7 a of the first electrode 7 and combteeth portions 8 a of the second electrode 8 are arranged alternately.Further, as illustrated in FIGS. 16 and 17, a width w of the comb teethportion 7 a of the first electrode 7 and a width w of the comb teethportion 8 a of the second electrode 8 are approximately 5 μm each. Inaddition, a length g from the comb teeth portion 7 a of the firstelectrode 7 to a neighboring comb teeth portion 8 a of the secondelectrode 8 is also approximately 5 μm. Note that the first electrode 7and the second electrode 8 are formed in substantially the entiresurface of the back side (under surface side) of the proof mass 4 in thepower generation apparatus 50 according to the first embodiment asillustrated in FIG. 15.

The first electrode 7 described above corresponds to the opposingelectrode and is made of metal material such as aluminum (see B4 inFIGS. 3A to 3C and 4, and E10 in FIG. 8D). In addition, the secondelectrode 8 described above has a lamination structure of an electretportion (CYTOP film or the like) for holding a predetermined amount ofelectric charge semipermanently and a base electrode portion (aluminumor the like) for setting a potential reference in the power generation(see B2 and B3 in FIGS. 3A to 3C and 4, E9 in FIG. 8C, and E12 in FIG.8E).

In addition, the proof mass 4 includes four beam portions 9 that areconnected integrally to the proof mass 4 as illustrated in FIGS. 11 and13. The four beam portions 9 are respectively disposed at four cornerportions of the proof mass 4, so as to extend outward radially in a planview. In addition, end portions of the four beam portions 9 areconnected to the frame portion 3 integrally. Thus, the proof mass 4 issupported above the ferroelectric layer 2 so as to be opposed to theferroelectric layer 2 as illustrated in FIGS. 11 and 12. Note that adistance d between the upper surface of the ferroelectric layer 2 andthe proof mass 4 (the first electrode 7 and the second electrode 8) isapproximately 1 μm (see FIGS. 12 and 16).

In addition, each of the four beam portions 9 has a thickness ofapproximately 5 μm and a width of approximately 50 μm. In other words, alength in the width direction of the beam portion 9 is larger than alength in the thickness direction of the same so that the beam portion 9can easily be deformed elastically in the vertical direction (in thedirection of the arrow Z) with reference to the upper surface of theceramic substrate 1. Thus, when an acceleration is applied to the proofmass 4 supported by the four beam portions 9, the proof mass 4 can bemoved by its inertial force in the vertical direction (in the directionof the arrow Z) with respect to the upper surface of the ceramicsubstrate 1.

In addition, the first electrode 7 is connected electrically to a padelectrode 7 c via a connecting portion 7 b as illustrated in FIG. 15. Onthe other hand, the electret portion of the second electrode 8 forholding a predetermined amount of electric charge semipermanently is inan electrically insulated state, while the base electrode portion of thesame for setting the potential reference in the power generation iselectrically connected to a pad electrode 8 c via a connecting portion 8b. Note that the pad electrode 7 c is an electrode for outputtingcurrent obtained by the power generation and is connected to a load towhich the current is supplied when the power generation apparatus 50 isused. On the other hand, the pad electrode 8 c is an electrode forsetting the potential reference in the power generation and is connectedto a predetermined reference potential when the power generationapparatus 50 is used. In addition, although not illustrated clearly inthis diagram, the power generation apparatus 50 of this embodiment isequipped with an electret terminal for injecting a predetermined amountof electric charge into the electret portion of the second electrode 8by contact discharge in the manufacturing process (final stage) of thepower generation apparatus 50. Note that the electret terminal isconnected to a predetermined contact discharge apparatus (high voltageapplying apparatus) when the charge injection is performed, and isopened or connected to the ground when the power generation apparatus 50is used.

In addition, the frame portion 3 has a thickness larger than that of theproof mass 4 as illustrated in FIG. 12, and has a function of supportingthe proof mass 4 via the beam portions 9 as illustrated in FIGS. 11 to13. Note that the frame portion 3 is made mainly of parylene. Inaddition, opening portions 3 a are formed in predetermined regions ofthe frame portion 3 so as to expose surfaces of the pad electrodes 7 cand 8 c.

FIG. 18 is a schematic cross sectional view for illustrating anoperation of the power generation apparatus according to the firstembodiment of the present invention. Next, with reference to FIGS. 15 to18, an operation of the power generation apparatus 50 according to thefirst embodiment of the present invention will be described.

In the power generation apparatus 50 according to the first embodiment,a fringe electric field 10 (electric field generated beside a partbetween electrodes) is generated between the comb teeth portion 7 a ofthe first electrode 7 and the comb teeth portion 8 a of the secondelectrode 8 as illustrated in FIGS. 16 and 17. Here, the first electrode7 and the second electrode 8 that generate the fringe electric field 10are formed in comb teeth shapes, and the comb teeth portions 7 a and 8 aof them are arranged alternately as illustrated in FIG. 15. Therefore,the fringe electric field 10 is generated uniformly in substantially theentire surface of the back side (under surface side) of the proof mass4. On the other hand, as illustrated in FIGS. 16 to 18, theferroelectric layer 2 that is opposed to the proof mass 4 is disposed inthe generated fringe electric field 10.

If a vibration in the vertical direction (Z direction) is applied to thepower generation apparatus 50 in this state, the proof mass 4 is movedin the direction of the arrow Z as illustrated in FIG. 18 because of theinertial force that acts on the proof mass 4. Therefore, a volume ratioof the ferroelectric layer 2 in the fringe electric field 10 varies, sothat a capacitance value of a capacitor formed between two electrodesvaries. Along with the above-mentioned variation of capacitance, apredetermined amount of electric charge is induced in the firstelectrode 7 (opposing electrode) and is output as electric current.

Next, a result of a computer simulation for confirming the effect of thepower generation apparatus 50 according to the first embodiment will bedescribed. In the computer simulation, a cover ratio was determined inthe case where a thickness t1 of the ferroelectric layer 2 was variedvariously.

FIG. 19 is a graph showing a relationship between a thickness of theferroelectric layer 2 and the cover ratio. In FIG. 19, the vertical axisrepresents the cover ratio (%) while the horizontal axis represents athickness t1 (μm) of the ferroelectric layer 2. In other words, FIG. 19shows a variation of the cover ratio in the case where a thickness t1 ofthe ferroelectric layer 2 is varied variously in the structure of thepower generation apparatus 50 according to the first embodiment. Here,the cover ratio is expressed by the following equation (4).

$\begin{matrix}{{{Cover}\mspace{14mu}{ratio}\mspace{14mu}(\%)} = {\frac{\left( {{X\; 1} - {X\; 2}} \right)}{X\; 1} \times 100}} & (4)\end{matrix}$

In the equation (4), X1 denotes the number of electric flux lines of thefringe electric field 10 that penetrate into the region of theferroelectric layer 2, X2 denotes the number of electric flux lines thatcannot turn in the region of the ferroelectric layer 2 and go out fromthe lower portion of the region of the ferroelectric layer 2.

In other words, the cover ratio is a value indicating the ratio of theelectric flux lines turns in the region of the ferroelectric layer 2 tothe electric flux lines penetrating into the ferroelectric layer 2. Thehigher this value, the larger the variation of capacitance valuecorresponding to the displacement of the proof mass 4 becomes. Note thatthe voltages to be applied to the electrodes were set to 0 V (the firstelectrode 7 or the second electrode 8) and 5 V (the second electrode 8or the first electrode 7).

As illustrated in FIG. 19, it was found that 99% or higher cover ratiocan be obtained by setting the thickness t1 of the ferroelectric layer 2to 5 μm or larger. In addition, it was found that substantially 100%(99.8% or higher) cover ratio can be obtained by setting the thicknesst1 of the ferroelectric layer 2 to 10 μm or larger, and 100% cover ratiocan be obtained by setting the same to 20 μm or larger. Note that if thethickness t1 of the ferroelectric layer 2 is 10 μm, the thickness t1 ofthe ferroelectric layer 2 agrees with the sum length (w+g, approximately10 μm) of the width w (approximately 5 μm) of the comb teeth portion 7 a(or 8 a) of the first electrode 7 or the second electrode 8 and thelength g (approximately 5 μm) from the comb teeth portions 7 a of thefirst electrode 7 to a neighboring comb teeth portion 8 a of the secondelectrode 8. In addition, if the thickness t1 of the ferroelectric layer2 is 20 μm, the thickness t1 of the ferroelectric layer 2 is equal totwice (2(w+g)) of the above-mentioned sum length (w+g, approximately 10μm).

As described above, it was confirmed that a sufficient value of thecover ratio can be obtained by setting the thickness t1 of theferroelectric layer 2 to 5 μm or larger, so that the variation ofcapacitance value corresponding to the displacement of the proof mass 4can be sufficiently large. Thus, it was confirmed that the powergeneration capacity can be improved.

In the first embodiment, as described above, the first electrode 7 andthe second electrode 8 are formed on the ferroelectric layer 2 side ofthe proof mass 4, so that the fringe electric field 10 can be generatedbetween the first electrode 7 and the second electrode 8. In addition,the ferroelectric layer 2 made of BaTiO₃ is formed in the predeterminedregion on the ceramic substrate 1, so that the relative permittivity ofthe ferroelectric layer 2 can be increased sufficiently, because BaTiO₃is a metal oxide (ferroelectric substance) having a relativepermittivity of 1,000 or larger. Therefore, the variation of capacitancevalue due to the variation of the volume ratio of the ferroelectriclayer 2 in the fringe electric field 10 can be increase, so that thevibration applied to the power generation apparatus 50 can be convertedinto electric current with high efficiency.

In addition, in the first embodiment, the ferroelectric layer 2 is madeof BaTiO₃. Therefore, even if the distance d between the ferroelectriclayer 2 and the proof mass 4 is increased, decrease of the variation ofcapacitance value can be suppressed. Thus, by increasing the distance dbetween the ferroelectric layer 2 and the proof mass 4, occurrence ofsticktion can be suppressed. In this way, decrease of reliability due tooccurrence of sticktion can be suppressed. Note that BaTiO₃ is aferroelectric substance containing no lead (Pb), so that an environmentload due to waste can be reduced, and a bad influence to a human bodycan be reduced by using the ferroelectric layer 2 made of BaTiO₃.

In addition, in the first embodiment, the ceramic substrate 1 made ofAl₂O₃ is used as the substrate, so that insulating performance andmechanical strength can be improved compared with the case where asilicon substrate or the like is used as the substrate. Thus,manufacturing efficiency can be improved while the power generationcapacity can be improved, and reliability can also be improved. Inaddition, by using the ceramic substrate 1 is used as the substrate,manufacturing cost can be reduced compared with the case where a siliconsubstrate is used. Further, the MEMS power generation apparatus can beformed directly on the ceramic package as a final product.

In addition, in the first embodiment, 99% or higher cover ratio can beobtained by setting the thickness t1 of the ferroelectric layer 2 to 5μm or larger, so that the variation of capacitance value can beincreased. Thus, manufacturing efficiency can be improved while powergeneration capacity can further be improved easily. Note that thethickness t1 of the ferroelectric layer 2 is preferably set to 10 μm orlarger, and more preferably set to 20 μm or larger.

In addition, in the first embodiment, smoothness of the upper surface ofthe ferroelectric layer 2 can be improved by forming the glaze layer 5between the ceramic substrate 1 and the ferroelectric layer 2.Therefore, unevenness of approximately 0.1 to 0.2 μm can be formed onthe upper surface of the ferroelectric layer 2 by controlling a grainsize of BaTiO₃.

FIGS. 20 to 28 are diagrams for illustrating a manufacturing method ofthe power generation apparatus according to the first embodiment of thepresent invention. Next, with reference to FIGS. 11, 15, 16 and 20 to28, a manufacturing method of the power generation apparatus 50according to the first embodiment of the present invention will bedescribed. Note that the power generation apparatus 50 according to thefirst embodiment is manufactured by using mainly surface micromachiningtechnology.

First, as illustrated in FIG. 20, the glaze layer 5 is formed on theupper surface of the ceramic substrate 1 made of Al₂O₃ having athickness of approximately 1 mm. The glaze layer 5 is formed, forexample, by printing liquid containing a glass component on the ceramicsubstrate 1 and afterward baking at a predetermined temperature.

Next, by using a screen printing method, the wiring layer 6 illustratedin FIG. 11 is formed on the glaze layer 5. After that, as illustrated inFIG. 20, the ferroelectric layer 2 is formed in a predetermined regionon the ceramic substrate 1 (glaze layer 5).

Here, in the first embodiment, the ferroelectric layer 2 is formed byusing a screen printing method. Specifically, paste containing BaTiO₃ isprinted in the predetermined region on the glaze layer 5, and afterwardit is baked at a baking temperature of approximately 800 to 1200 degreesCelsius, so that the ferroelectric layer 2 made of BaTiO₃ is formed.

In addition, in the first embodiment, the ferroelectric layer 2 isformed so that a thickness t1 (see FIG. 16) becomes 5 to 20 μm, and isformed so that unevenness of approximately 0.1 to 0.2 μm (not shown) isgenerated on the upper surface of the ferroelectric layer 2 bycontrolling a grain size of BaTiO₃.

Next, as illustrated in FIG. 21, using a plasma CVD method, asacrificial layer 11 made of amorphous silicon is formed on the glazelayer 5 so as to cover the ferroelectric layer 2. Here, the sacrificiallayer 11 is a layer that is formed on the precondition that it isremoved in a later step.

Next, as illustrated in FIG. 22, by a photolithography technique and adry etching technique using SF₆ plasma gas, elongated trench portions(slots) 11 a are formed in the sacrificial layer 11. After that, asillustrated in FIG. 23, a first parylene layer 12 is formed by vapordeposition on the upper surface of the sacrificial layer 11. In thiscase, the first parylene layer 12 formed in the trench portion 11 abecomes the anchor portion for supporting the proof mass 4.

Next, as illustrated in FIG. 24, by a photolithography technique and anetching technique using O₂ plasma gas, a predetermined region of thefirst parylene layer 12 is removed.

After that, an aluminum layer is formed on the sacrificial layer 11 andthe first parylene layer 12 by a spattering method or a vapor depositionmethod. Then, as illustrated in FIG. 25, the formed aluminum layer ispatterned by using a photolithography technique and a wet etchingtechnique. Thus, the first electrode 7 having a comb teeth shapeillustrated in FIG. 15 is formed, and the pad electrode 7 c that iselectrically connected to the first electrode 7 is formed. Further, theconnecting portion 7 b (see FIG. 15) for connecting the first electrode7 to the pad electrode 7 c is also formed by patterning theabove-mentioned aluminum layer simultaneously.

In addition, a CYTOP film is formed by spin coating on the sacrificiallayer 11, and afterward the CYTOP film is etched by O₂ plasma. By thisprocess, the electret portion of the second electrode 8 is formed in acomb teeth shape.

After that, a parylene layer for preventing discharge (see E11 in FIG.8E about details although omitted in FIGS. 25 and 26) is formed on thesacrificial layer 11 and the first parylene layer 12 so as to cover thefirst electrode 7, the electret portion of the second electrode 8, thepad electrode 7 c, and the connecting portion 7 b (see FIG. 15). Inaddition, an aluminum layer is formed by spattering as the baseelectrode portion of the second electrode 8 and the pad electrode 8 c tobe connected to the second electrode 8 on the same. Note that theconnecting portion 8 b (see FIG. 15) for connecting the base electrodeportion of the second electrode 8 to the pad electrode 8 c is alsoformed by patterning the above-mentioned aluminum layer simultaneously.

Next, as illustrated in FIG. 26, a second parylene layer 13 is formed byvapor deposition so as to cover the base electrode portion, the padelectrode 8 c and the connecting portion 8 b of the second electrode 8(see FIG. 15). Then, the second parylene layer 13 is patterned in theshape as illustrated in FIG. 27. Thus, the proof mass 4 (see FIG. 11),the beam portions 9 (see FIG. 11) and the frame portions 3 (see FIG. 11)that are made of parylene are formed. In this case, as illustrated inFIGS. 27 and 28, the opening portions 3 a are formed in predeterminedregions of the frame portion 3 so that the surfaces of the padelectrodes 7 c and 8 c are exposed. Note that the first parylene layer12 and the second parylene layer 13 can be formed (by vapor deposition)at room temperature.

Finally, a predetermined region of the sacrificial layer 11 is removedby a dry etching method using XeF₂ gas, so that the proof mass 4 and theferroelectric layer 2 are separated from each other. In this way, thepower generation apparatus 50 according to the first embodiment of thepresent invention illustrated in FIG. 11 is formed.

In the manufacturing method of the first embodiment, as described above,the ferroelectric layer 2 made of BaTiO₃ is formed in a predeterminedregion on the ceramic substrate 1 by using a screen printing method, sothat the ferroelectric layer 2 can easily be formed in the predeterminedregion. Therefore, manufacturing efficiency can be improved comparedwith the case where a plate-like ferroelectric layer is glued onto thesubstrate. Note that the power generation apparatus 50 according to thefirst embodiment can be manufactured without using a DRIE process.

In addition, in the first embodiment, the ferroelectric layer 2 made ofBaTiO₃ is formed by using a screen printing method, so that thethickness t1 of the ferroelectric layer 2 can easily be increasedcompared with the case where the ferroelectric layer 2 is formed by aspattering method or a sol-gel method. Therefore, it is possible tosuppress occurrence of inconvenience that it is difficult to increasethe variation of capacitance value due to a small value of the thicknesst1 of the ferroelectric layer 2. Thus, it is possible to obtain thepower generation apparatus 50 having high power generation capacitywhile improving manufacturing efficiency.

In addition, in the first embodiment, the wiring layer 6 is formed onthe upper surface of the ceramic substrate 1 (glaze layer 5) by using ascreen printing method, so that the wiring layer 6 can easily formed.Therefore, this also can improve the manufacturing efficiency.

Second Embodiment

FIG. 29 is a perspective view illustrating a structure of a powergeneration apparatus according to a second embodiment of the presentinvention. FIG. 30 is a cross sectional view cut along the line α2-α2 inFIG. 29. FIG. 31 is a plan view of the power generation apparatusaccording to the second embodiment of the present invention illustratedin FIG. 29. FIGS. 32 to 35 are diagrams for illustrating the structureof the power generation apparatus according to the second embodiment ofthe present invention. First, with reference to FIGS. 29 to 35, thestructure of a power generation apparatus 60 according to the secondembodiment of the present invention will be described.

The power generation apparatus 60 according to the second embodimentincludes a ceramic substrate 1, a ferroelectric layer 22 formed on theceramic substrate 1, a frame portion 23 formed on the ceramic substrate1 so as to surround the ferroelectric layer 22, and a proof mass 24disposed inside the frame portion 23 as illustrated in FIGS. 29 and 30.Note that the ferroelectric layer 22 is an example of the “dielectriclayer” in the present invention, and the proof mass 24 is an example ofthe “movable member” in the present invention.

The ceramic substrate 1 is made of Al₂O₃ and has a thickness ofapproximately 1 mm. A glaze layer 5 is formed on the upper surface ofthe ceramic substrate 1 similarly to the first embodiment. Note that theglaze layer 5 is formed for obtaining a smooth surface that is suitablefor forming the ferroelectric layer 22 and the like thereon. Inaddition, as illustrated in FIG. 29, a wiring layer 6 is formed on theupper surface of the ceramic substrate 1 (glaze layer 5) in apredetermined region outside the frame portion 23 by a screen printingmethod. The wiring layer 6 is made of Au (gold), for example.

Here, the ferroelectric layer 22 of the second embodiment is made ofBaTiO₃ (having a relative permittivity of 1,000 or larger) similarly tothe first embodiment. In addition, the ferroelectric layer 22 is formedon the ceramic substrate 1 (glaze layer 5) in a predetermined region bya screen printing method as illustrated in FIGS. 30 and 32. Theferroelectric layer 22 has substantially a rectangular shape in a planview.

In addition, the ferroelectric layer 22 is formed to have a thickness of5 μm or larger. Specifically, the ferroelectric layer 22 is formed tohave a thickness t11 of 5 to 20 μm (see FIG. 35).

In addition, in the second embodiment, as illustrated in FIGS. 30 and32, metal layers 40 (floating electrode) made of aluminum (Al) is formedin a predetermined region on the upper surface side of the ferroelectriclayer 22. The metal layers 40 are formed in a predetermined pattern notto protrude from the upper surface of the ferroelectric layer 22.Specifically, metal layers 40 are formed so as to extend in parallelwith comb teeth portions 27 a and 28 a of a first electrode 27 and asecond electrode 28 in a plan view, which will be described later. Inaddition, the metal layers 40 are formed so that the upper surfacesthereof are substantially the same level as the upper surface of theferroelectric layer 22.

In addition, the proof mass 24 is made of parylene (a resin ofparaxylene system) and is formed to have a thickness t12 ofapproximately 5 μm (see FIG. 34) as illustrated in FIGS. 30 and 35. Inaddition, the proof mass 24 is formed to have substantially arectangular shape (with a side length of approximately 1000 μm) in aplan view as illustrated in FIG. 31.

In addition, in the second embodiment, as illustrated in FIG. 33, twoelectrodes (first electrode 27 and second electrode 28) are formed onthe back side (under surface side) of the proof mass 24 so as to beadjacent to each other in the same plane. Specifically, each of thefirst electrode 27 and the second electrode 28 is formed like a combteeth in a plan view. In addition, the comb teeth portions 27 a of thefirst electrode 27 and the comb teeth portions 28 a of the secondelectrode 28 are arranged alternately. In addition, as illustrated inFIG. 35, a width w1 of the comb teeth portion 27 a of the firstelectrode 27 and a width w1 of the comb teeth portion 28 a of the secondelectrode 28 are approximately 5 μm each. In addition, a length g1 fromthe comb teeth portions 27 a of the first electrode 27 to a neighboringcomb teeth portion 28 a of the second electrode 28 is approximately 5μm. Note that the first electrode 27 and the second electrode 28 areformed in substantially the entire surface of the back side (undersurface side) of the proof mass 24 in the power generation apparatus 60according to the second embodiment as illustrated in FIG. 33.

The first electrode 27 described above corresponds to the opposingelectrode and is made of metal material such as aluminum (see B4 inFIGS. 3A to 3C and 4, and E10 in FIG. 8D). In addition, the secondelectrode 28 described above has a lamination structure of an electretportion (CYTOP film or the like) for holding a predetermined amount ofelectric charge semipermanently and a base electrode portion (aluminumor the like) for setting a potential reference in the power generation(see B2 and B3 in FIGS. 3A to 3C and 4, E9 in FIG. 8C, and E12 in FIG.8E).

In addition, the proof mass 24 includes four beam portions 29 areconnected integrally to the proof mass 24 as illustrated in FIGS. 29 and31. The four beam portions 29 are disposed on two opposed sides of theproof mass 24 so that two of them are disposed on each side and extendin the same direction in a plan view. In addition, end portions of thefour beam portions 29 are connected to the frame portion 23 integrally.Thus, the proof mass 24 is supported above the ferroelectric layer 22 soas to be opposed to the ferroelectric layer 22 as illustrated in FIGS.29 and 30. Note that a distance d1 between the upper surface of theferroelectric layer 22 and the proof mass 24 (the first electrode 27 andthe second electrode 28) is approximately 1 μm (see FIGS. 30 and 35).

In addition, in the second embodiment, as illustrated in FIG. 34, thebeam portion 29 has a thickness t12 of 10 μm or larger and a width w11of approximately 3 μm. In other words, a length in the thicknessdirection of the beam portion 29 is larger than a length in the widthdirection of the same so that the beam portion 29 can easily be deformedelastically in the direction of an arrow X that is parallel to the uppersurface (principal surface) of the ceramic substrate 1 (see FIG. 29).Thus, when an acceleration is applied to the proof mass 24 supported bythe four beam portions 29, the proof mass 24 can be moved by itsinertial force in the direction of the arrow X that is horizontal withrespect to the upper surface (principal surface) of the ceramicsubstrate 1.

In addition, the above-mentioned first electrode 27 is electricallyconnected to a pad electrode 27 c via a connecting portion 27 b asillustrated in FIG. 33. On the other hand, the electret portion of theabove-mentioned second electrode 28 that holds a predetermined amount ofelectric charge semipermanently is in an electrically insulated state,while the base electrode portion of the same for setting the potentialreference in the power generation is electrically connected to a padelectrode 28 c via a connecting portion 28 b. Note that the padelectrode 27 c is an electrode for outputting current obtained by thepower generation and is connected to a load to which the current issupplied when the power generation apparatus 60 is used. On the otherhand, the pad electrode 28 c is an electrode for setting the potentialreference in the power generation and is connected to a predeterminedreference potential when the power generation apparatus 60 is used. Inaddition, although not illustrated clearly in this diagram, the powergeneration apparatus 60 of this embodiment is equipped with an electretterminal for injecting a predetermined amount of electric charge intothe electret portion of the second electrode 28 by contact discharge inthe manufacturing process (final stage) of the power generationapparatus 60. Note that the electret terminal is connected to apredetermined contact discharge apparatus (high voltage applyingapparatus) when the charge injection is performed, and is opened orconnected to the ground when the power generation apparatus 60 is used.

In addition, the frame portion 23 has a thickness larger than that ofthe proof mass 24 as illustrated in FIG. 30, and has a function ofsupporting the proof mass 24 via the beam portions 29 as illustrated inFIGS. 29 and 31. Note that the frame portion 23 is made mainly ofparylene. In addition, opening portions 23 a are formed in predeterminedregions of the frame portion 23 so that the surfaces of the padelectrodes 27 c and 28 c are exposed.

Other structures of the second embodiment are the same as those of thefirst embodiment.

FIG. 36 is a diagram for illustrating an operation of the powergeneration apparatus according to the second embodiment of the presentinvention. Next, an operation of the power generation apparatus 60according to the second embodiment of the present invention will bedescribed with reference to FIGS. 33, 35 and 36.

In the power generation apparatus 60 according to the second embodiment,a fringe electric field 10 (electric field generated beside a partbetween electrodes) is generated between the comb teeth portion 27 a ofthe first electrode 27 and the comb teeth portion 28 a of the secondelectrode 28 as illustrated in FIGS. 35 and 36. Here, the firstelectrode 27 and the second electrode 28 that generate the fringeelectric field 10 are formed in comb teeth shapes, and the comb teethportions 27 a and 28 a of them are arranged alternately as illustratedin FIG. 33. Therefore, the fringe electric field 10 is generateduniformly in substantially the entire surface of the back side (undersurface side) of the proof mass 24. On the other hand, the ferroelectriclayer 22 that is opposed to the proof mass 24 is disposed in thegenerated fringe electric field 10.

If a vibration in the horizontal direction (X direction) is applied tothe power generation apparatus 60 in this state, the proof mass 24 ismoved in the direction of the arrow X that is the horizontal directionwith respect to the upper surface of the ceramic substrate 1 because ofthe inertial force that acts on the proof mass 24. Here, the electricflux lines of the fringe electric field 10 generated between the firstelectrode 27 and the second electrode 28 can penetrate into theferroelectric layer 22 but cannot penetrate into the metal layer 40.Therefore, when the proof mass 24 moves in the direction of the arrow X,appearance of the electric flux lines varies, and a capacitance value ofthe capacitor formed between two electrodes varies in accordance with avariation of the aspect of the electric flux lines. Along with theabove-mentioned variation of capacitance, a predetermined amount ofelectric charge is induced in the first electrode 27 (opposingelectrode) and is output as electric current.

Next, a computer simulation is performed in the same manner as in thefirst embodiment for confirming the effect of the power generationapparatus 60 according to the second embodiment. A result of thecomputer simulation is shown in FIG. 37.

As illustrated in FIG. 37, it was found that 99% or higher cover ratiocan be obtained by setting the thickness t11 of the ferroelectric layer22 to 5 μm or larger. In addition, it was found that substantially 100%(99.8% or higher) cover ratio can be obtained by setting the thicknesst11 of the ferroelectric layer 22 to 10 μm or larger, and 100% coverratio can be obtained by setting the same to 20 μm or larger. Note thatif the thickness t11 of the ferroelectric layer 22 is 10 μm, thethickness t11 of the ferroelectric layer 22 agrees with the sum length(w1+g1, approximately 10 μm) of the width w1 (approximately 5 μm) of thecomb teeth portions 27 a (or 28 a) of the first electrode 27 or thesecond electrode 28 and the length g1 (approximately 5 μm) from the combteeth portions 27 a of the first electrode 27 to a neighboring combteeth portion 28 a of the second electrode 28. In addition, if thethickness t11 of the ferroelectric layer 22 is 20 μm, the thickness t11of the ferroelectric layer 22 is equal to twice (2(w1+g1)) of theabove-mentioned sum length (w1+g1, approximately 10 μm).

As described above, it was confirmed that a sufficient value of thecover ratio can be obtained by setting the thickness t11 of theferroelectric layer 22 to 5 μm or larger, so that the variation ofcapacitance value corresponding to the displacement of the proof mass 24can be sufficiently large. Thus, it was confirmed that the powergeneration capacity can be improved.

In the second embodiment, as described above, the first electrode 27 andthe second electrode 28 are formed on the ferroelectric layer 22 side ofthe proof mass 24, so that the fringe electric field 10 can be generatedbetween the comb teeth portions 27 a of the first electrode 27 and thecomb teeth portions 28 a of the second electrode 28. In addition, themetal layer 40 is formed in a predetermined pattern in a predeterminedregion on the upper surface side of the ferroelectric layer 22, so thatan aspect of the electric flux lines in the fringe electric field 10 canbe varied even if the proof mass 24 moves in the direction of the arrowX that is parallel to the upper surface (principal surface) of theceramic substrate 1. In other words, the electric flux lines in thefringe electric field 10 generated between the comb teeth portions 27 aof the first electrode 27 and the comb teeth portions 28 a of the secondelectrode 28 can penetrate into the ferroelectric layer 22 but cannotpenetrate into the metal layer 40. Therefore, by forming the metal layer40 in a predetermined pattern in a predetermined region on the uppersurface side of the ferroelectric layer 22, the aspect of the electricflux lines in the fringe electric field 10 can be varied when the proofmass 24 moves in the direction of the arrow X. Thus, a capacitance valueof the capacitor formed between two electrodes varies in accordance withthe variation of the aspect of the electric flux lines. Therefore, apredetermined amount of electric charge is induced in the firstelectrode 27 (opposing electrode) along with the variation ofcapacitance value and is output as electric current.

In addition, in the second embodiment, the metal layers 40 are formednot to protrude from the upper surface of the ferroelectric layer 22.Even if the metal layers 40 are formed on the upper surface side of theferroelectric layer 22, the following manufacturing process can beperformed similarly to the case where the metal layer 40 are not formed.Therefore, it is possible to suppress occurrence of inconvenience thatthe following manufacturing process becomes complicated if the metallayers 40 protrude from the upper surface of the ferroelectric layer 22.Thus, manufacturing efficiency can easily be improved.

In addition, in the second embodiment, by forming the metal layer 40 notto protrude from the upper surface of the ferroelectric layer 22, it ispossible to suppress engagement between the metal layer 40 and the proofmass 24 (the first electrode 27 and the second electrode 28) when theproof mass 24 moves in the direction of the arrow X that is parallel tothe upper surface (principal surface) of the ceramic substrate 1(ferroelectric layer 22). Therefore, it is possible to suppressoccurrence of inconvenience that movement of the proof mass 24 in thedirection of the arrow X that is parallel to the upper surface(principal surface) of the ceramic substrate 1 (ferroelectric layer 22)is disturbed if the metal layer 40 engages with the proof mass 24 (thefirst electrode 27 and the second electrode 28). Thus, the vibration inthe direction of the arrow X that is parallel to the upper surface(principal surface) of the ceramic substrate 1 (ferroelectric layer 22)can easily be converted into current to be output.

In addition, in the second embodiment, the ferroelectric layer 22 ismade of BaTiO₃. Since BaTiO₃ is a metal oxide (ferroelectric substance)having a relative permittivity of 1,000 or larger, the ferroelectriclayer 22 can have a sufficiently large relative permittivity. Thus, thevariation of capacitance value can easily be increased, so that a largecurrent can be taken from the vibration in the direction of the arrow Xthat is parallel to the upper surface (principal surface) of the ceramicsubstrate 1 (ferroelectric layer 22). Note that BaTiO₃ is aferroelectric substance that does not contain Pb (lead). Therefore, ifthe ferroelectric layer 22 is made of BaTiO₃, an environment load due towaste can be reduced, and a bad influence to a human body can bereduced.

In addition, in the second embodiment, a length in the thicknessdirection of the beam portion 29 for supporting the proof mass 24 islarger than a length in the width direction of the same, so that amovement of the proof mass 24 in the vertical direction (in thedirection of the arrow Z) with respect to the upper surface (principalsurface) of the ceramic substrate 1 (ferroelectric layer 22) can besuppressed. Therefore, it is possible to suppress dispersion of thevibrational energy to the vertical direction. Thus, efficient powergeneration can easily be obtained from the vibration in the direction ofthe arrow X that is parallel to the upper surface (principal surface) ofthe ceramic substrate 1 (ferroelectric layer 22).

In addition, in the second embodiment, similarly to the firstembodiment, the thickness t11 of the ferroelectric layer 22 is set to 5μm or larger, so that 99% or higher cover ratio can be obtained.Therefore, the variation of capacitance value can be increased. Thus,more efficient power generation can be achieved from the vibration inthe direction of the arrow X that is parallel to the upper surface(principal surface) of the ceramic substrate 1 (ferroelectric layer 22).

Further, in the second embodiment, the glaze layer 5 is formed betweenthe ceramic substrate 1 and the ferroelectric layer 22, so that thesmoothness of the upper surface of the ferroelectric layer 22 can beimproved. Therefore, by controlling a grain size of BaTiO₃, unevennessof approximately 0.1 to 0.2 μm can be formed on the upper surface of theferroelectric layer 22.

Note that other effects of the second embodiment are the same as thoseof the first embodiment.

FIGS. 38 to 48 are diagrams for illustrating a manufacturing method ofthe power generation apparatus according to the second embodiment of thepresent invention. Next, with reference to FIGS. 29, 33 to 35 and 38 to48, a manufacturing method of the power generation apparatus 60according to the second embodiment of the present invention will bedescribed. Note that the power generation apparatus 60 according to thesecond embodiment is manufactured by using mainly the surfacemicromachining technology.

First, as illustrated in FIG. 38, a glaze layer 5 is formed on the uppersurface of the ceramic substrate 1 made of Al₂O₃ having a thickness ofapproximately 1 mm. This glaze layer 5 is formed by, for example,printing liquid containing a glass component on the ceramic substrate 1and afterward baking at a predetermined temperature.

Next, by using a screen printing method, the wiring layer 6 illustratedin FIG. 29 is formed on the glaze layer 5. Note that if the wiring layer6 is formed by the screen printing method, the wiring layer 6 can beformed easily, so that manufacturing efficiency can be improved.

After that, as illustrated in FIG. 38, the ferroelectric layer 22 isformed by using a screen printing method in a predetermined region onthe ceramic substrate 1 (glaze layer 5). Specifically, paste containingBaTiO₃ is printed in the predetermined region on the glaze layer 5, andafterward it is baked at a baking temperature of approximately 800 to1200 degrees Celsius, so that the ferroelectric layer 22 made of BaTiO₃is formed.

In addition, the ferroelectric layer 22 is formed so that a thicknesst11 (see FIG. 35) becomes 5 to 20 μm, and is formed so that unevennessof approximately 0.1 to 0.2 μm (not shown) is generated on the uppersurface of the ferroelectric layer 22 by controlling a grain size ofBaTiO₃.

Next, as illustrated in FIG. 39, the ferroelectric layer 22 is etched tohave recesses, and afterward the metal layer 40 (made of aluminum) isformed by a spattering method or a vapor deposition method. Further, thesurface is ground so that a specified ferroelectric and metal stripedsurface is formed as illustrated in FIG. 40. Thus, the metal layer 40does not protrude from the upper surface of the ferroelectric layer 22.

After that, as illustrated in FIG. 41, by using a plasma CVD method, asacrificial layer 31 made of amorphous silicon is formed on the glazelayer 5 so as to cover the ferroelectric layer 22. Here, the sacrificiallayer 31 is a layer that is formed on the precondition that it isremoved in a later step.

Next, as illustrated in FIG. 42, by a photolithography technique and adry etching technique using SF₆ plasma gas, elongated trench portions(slots) 31 a are formed in the sacrificial layer 31. Then, asillustrated in FIG. 43, a first parylene layer 32 is formed by vapordeposition on the upper surface of the sacrificial layer 31. In thiscase, the first parylene layer 32 formed by vapor deposition in thetrench portion 31 a becomes the anchor portion for supporting the proofmass 24.

Next, as illustrated in FIG. 44, by a photolithography technique and anetching technique using O₂ plasma gas, a predetermined region of thefirst parylene layer 32 is removed.

After that, an aluminum layer is formed on the sacrificial layer 31 andthe first parylene layer 32 by a spattering method or a vapor depositionmethod. In addition, as illustrated in FIG. 45, the formed aluminumlayer is patterned by using a photolithography technique and a wetetching technique. Thus, the first electrode 27 having a comb teethshape illustrated in FIG. 33 is formed, and the pad electrode 27 c thatis electrically connected to the first electrode 27 is formed. Theconnecting portion 27 b (see FIG. 33) for connecting the first electrode27 with the pad electrode 27 c is also formed by patterning theabove-mentioned aluminum layer simultaneously.

In addition, a CYTOP film is formed by spin coating on the sacrificiallayer 31, and afterward the CYTOP film is etched by O₂ plasma. By thisprocess, the electret portion of the second electrode 28 is formed in acomb teeth shape.

After that, a parylene layer for preventing discharge (see E11 in FIG.8E about details although omitted in FIGS. 45 and 46) is formed on thesacrificial layer 31 and the first parylene layer 32 so as to cover thefirst electrode 27, the electret portion of the second electrode 28, thepad electrode 27 c, and the connecting portion 27 b (see FIG. 33). Inaddition, an aluminum layer is formed by spattering as the baseelectrode portion of the second electrode 28 and the pad electrode 28 cto be connected to the second electrode 28 on the same. Note that theconnecting portion 28 b (see FIG. 33) for connecting the base electrodeportion of the second electrode 28 with the pad electrode 28 c is alsoformed by patterning the above-mentioned aluminum layer simultaneously.

Next, as illustrated in FIG. 46, a second parylene layer 33 is formed byvapor deposition so as to cover the base electrode portion, the padelectrode 28 c (see FIG. 33) and the connecting portion 28 b (see FIG.33) of the second electrode 28. Then, the second parylene layer 33 ispatterned in the shape as illustrated in FIG. 47. In this case, asillustrated in FIG. 34, the four beam portions 29 are formed so that alength in the thickness direction thereof is larger than a length in thewidth direction thereof. Thus, the proof mass 24 (see FIG. 29), the beamportions 29 (see FIG. 29) and the frame portion 23 (see FIG. 29) made ofparylene are formed. In this case, the opening portions 23 a are formedin predetermined regions of the frame portion 23 so that the surfaces ofthe pad electrodes 27 c and 28 c are exposed. Note that the firstparylene layer 32 and the second parylene layer 33 can be formed (byvapor deposition) at room temperature.

Finally, a predetermined region of the sacrificial layer 31 is removedby a dry etching method using XeF₂ gas from the state illustrated inFIG. 48, so that the proof mass 24 and the ferroelectric layer 22 areseparated from each other. In this way, the power generation apparatus60 according to the second embodiment of the present inventionillustrated in FIG. 29 is formed.

In the second embodiment, as described above, the ferroelectric layer 22is formed in a predetermined region on the ceramic substrate 1 by usinga screen printing method, so that the ferroelectric layer 22 can easilyformed in a predetermined region on the ceramic substrate 1. Therefore,manufacturing efficiency can be improved compared with the case where aplate-like ferroelectric layer 22 is glued to a predetermined region onthe ceramic substrate 1. Note that the power generation apparatus 60according to the second embodiment can be manufactured without using aDRIE process.

Note that the embodiments disclosed here should be considered asexamples and not a limitation in all points. The scope of the presentinvention is defined by not the above description of embodiments but bythe attached claims, and further includes every modification within thescope of the claims and its equivalent meanings and range.

For instance, the first and the second embodiments described aboveexemplify the case where the ferroelectric layer is made of BaTiO₃, butthe present invention is not limited to this structure. It is possibleto form the ferroelectric layer of a metal oxide other than BaTiO₃ aslong as the metal oxide has a relative permittivity of 1,000 or largerand can be processed by a screen printing method. In this case, it ispreferable to use the metal oxide that does not contain Pb (lead).

In addition, the first and the second embodiments described aboveexemplify the case where the thickness of the ferroelectric layer is setto 5 to 20 μm, but the present invention is not limited to thisstructure. It is possible to set the thickness of the ferroelectriclayer to 20 μm or larger. Note that the ferroelectric layer is formed bya screen printing method as described above. Therefore, it is easy toform the ferroelectric layer having a thickness of 20 μm or larger.

In addition, the first and the second embodiments described aboveexemplify the case where the ferroelectric layer is formed by using ascreen printing method on the glaze layer formed on the ceramicsubstrate, but the present invention is not limited to this structure.It is possible to form the ferroelectric layer by a screen printingmethod on the ceramic substrate without the glaze layer.

In addition, the first and the second embodiments described aboveexemplify the case where the ferroelectric layer is formed by baking ata baking temperature of approximately 800 to 1200 degrees Celsius, butthe present invention is not limited to this structure. It is possibleto form the ferroelectric layer by baking at a baking temperature otherthan the above-mentioned baking temperature. For instance, it ispossible to perform the baking at a relatively high baking temperatureof approximately 1200 to 1500 degrees Celsius or at a relatively lowbaking temperature of 700 degrees Celsius or lower. Note that if thebaking is performed at a baking temperature of approximately 1200 to1500 degrees Celsius, the ferroelectric layer is formed on the ceramicsubstrate without the glaze layer, and the wiring layer is formed afterforming the ferroelectric layer, so that the power generation apparatusdescribed in the above embodiments can be manufactured. In addition, ifthe baking is performed at a baking temperature of 700 degrees Celsiusor lower, it is preferable that a relative permittivity of theferroelectric layer should be larger than 1,000.

In addition, the first and the second embodiments described aboveexemplify the case where the ceramic substrate made of Al₂O₃ is used,but the present invention is not limited to this structure. It ispossible to use a ceramic substrate made of a ceramic material otherthan Al₂O₃ or a ferroelectric material for the substrate so as tomanufacture the power generation apparatus.

In addition, the first and the second embodiments described above havethe structure in which the proof mass is supported by the frame portion,but the present invention is not limited to this structure. It ispossible to adopt other structure in which the proof mass is supportedby a member other than the frame portion.

Note that a plurality of through holes may be provided to the proof massso as to penetrate from the upper surface to the under surface in thefirst and the second embodiments described above. If this structure isadopted, the sacrificial layer can easily be removed, and air resistancecan be reduced.

In addition, the second embodiment described above exemplify the casewhere the metal layer is formed so as not to protrude from the uppersurface of the ferroelectric layer, but the present invention is notlimited to this structure. It is possible to form the metal layer so asto protrude from the upper surface of the ferroelectric layer.

In addition, the second embodiment described above exemplifies the casewhere the metal layer is made of aluminum, but the present invention isnot limited to this structure. It is possible to form the metal layer ofother metal than aluminum.

FIRST VARIATION EXAMPLE

In addition, the second embodiment describes the structure in which theproof mass is supported by the four beam portions, but the presentinvention is not limited to this structure. It is possible to adopt anyother structure of the beam portion for supporting the proof mass thanthe structure according to the above embodiment as long as the proofmass can be moved in a predetermined direction that is parallel to theupper surface of the ceramic substrate. For instance, as illustrated inFIG. 49, it is possible to make a beam portion 39 for supporting a proofmass 34 so as to be flexible in the direction of the arrow X.

SECOND VARIATION EXAMPLE

In addition, the second embodiment described above exemplifies the casewhere the power generation apparatus has a structure in which the powergeneration can be performed from the vibration in the direction of thearrow X that is parallel with the upper surface of the ceramicsubstrate, but the present invention is not limited to this structure.It is possible to form a plurality of power generation apparatuses on asingle ceramic substrate, so that power generation can be performed fromvibrations in a plurality of directions simultaneously. For instance, asillustrated in FIG. 50, it is possible to provide at least two powergeneration apparatuses 60 for generating power from vibrations in thedirection of the arrow X and the direction of the arrow Y that areparallel to the upper surface of the ceramic substrate 1, and a powergeneration apparatus 50 for generating power from a vibration in thevertical direction with respect to the upper surface of the ceramicsubstrate 1 on a single ceramic substrate 1, so that power generation isperformed from vibrations in the three axes directions.

THIRD VARIATION EXAMPLE

Next, a third variation example of the power generation apparatusdescribed above (in particular, the power generation apparatus of thesecond embodiment in which the power generation is performed from thehorizontal vibration) will be described in detail. FIGS. 51A and 51B arecross sectional views illustrating a structure of a power generationapparatus according to the third variation example of the presentinvention. Note that the power generation apparatus illustrated in FIG.51A has the structure in which metal layers (floating electrodes) G2 areformed so as to protrude from the surface of a ferroelectric substrateG1 similarly to the structure illustrated in FIGS. 3A to 3C. Incontrast, the power generation apparatus illustrated in FIG. 51B has thestructure in which the metal layers G2 are embedded in the surface ofthe ferroelectric substrate G1 similarly to the structure illustrated inFIG. 30.

Here, the power generation apparatus of the third variation exampleincludes a protective layer G3 that covers the ferroelectric substrateG1 and the metal layer G2, and has a horizontal surface with respect tothe movable member G4. Note that the protective layer G3 is preferablymade of a material having a low friction coefficient and superiorinsulating performance such as a fluorocarbon resin or a polyimide resin(e.g., having a static friction coefficient of 0.5 or lower and arelative permittivity of 4.0 or lower). Note that a relativepermittivity of an interlayer insulating film that is usually used insemiconductor devices is 4.0 or lower, and a relative permittivity ofSiO₂ is 4.0, for example. The relative permittivity of the material ofthe protective layer G3 is desirable to be as small as possible. In viewof availability of materials, an interlayer insulating film materialthat is usually used in semiconductor devices may be used.

For instance, if the structure includes the protective layer G3 having asmall friction coefficient for example, the movable member G4 can moveto slide on the surface of the protective layer G3 when theferroelectric substrate G1 happens to contact with the movable memberG4. Therefore, a mechanical breakdown of the power generation apparatuscan be avoided. In addition, if the structure includes the protectivelayer G3 that is superior in the insulating performance, unwanteddischarge hardly occur between the metal layer (floating electrode) G2and the opposing electrode G5 or the electret electrode G6.

In particular, if the gap distance between the ferroelectric substrateG1 and the movable member G4 is small in the power generation apparatus,the above-mentioned problem of contact or discharge can easily occur.Therefore, it is desirable to adopt the structure of the third variationexample.

Note that the metal layer G2 in FIG. 51B is formed so that the uppersurface thereof is substantially flush with the upper surface of theferroelectric substrate G1.

A method of forming the metal layer G2, like a fourth variation examplethat will be described later, includes forming trench portions in thesurface of the ferroelectric substrate G1, and afterward depositing themetal layer G2 in the trench portions. In this case, a depth of thetrench portion is designed appropriately so that the metal layer G2 hassufficient thickness for cutting off the fringe electric field. Notethat a semiconductor layer (pure silicon layer or the like) can be usedinstead of the metal layer G2 so as to be deposited in the trenchportion as long as it can cut off the fringe electric fieldappropriately.

According to the structure of FIG. 51B (i.e., the structure in which themetal layers G2 are embedded in the surface of the ferroelectricsubstrate G1), the gap distance between the ferroelectric substrate G1and the movable member G4 can be decreased compared with the structureof FIG. 51A (i.e., the structure in which the metal layers G2 protrudefrom the surface of the ferroelectric substrate G1) by the thickness ofthe metal layer G2. Therefore, it is possible to contribute todownsizing of the power generation apparatus and improvement of powergeneration efficiency.

FOURTH VARIATION EXAMPLE

Next, a fourth variation example of the power generation apparatusdescribed above (in particular, the power generation apparatus of thesecond embodiment in which the power generation is performed from thehorizontal vibration) will be described in detail. FIGS. 52A and 52B areschematic diagrams for illustrating a principle of electricitygeneration of the power generation apparatus according to the fourthvariation example of the present invention. Note that FIG. 52Aillustrates a manner in which the movable member H1 exists in an initialposition while FIG. 52B illustrates a manner in which the movable memberH1 is moved in the horizontal direction. In addition, there is anequivalent circuit illustrating schematically the concept and theprinciple of operation of the power generation apparatus on the leftside of each of FIGS. 52A and 52B.

In the power generation apparatus of the fourth variation example,trench portions H6 are formed in the surface of the ferroelectricsubstrate H5 instead of the metal layers. The trench portion H6 can beformed by wet etching, dry etching using an ICP device or the like,machining (dicing), or a laser beam process using an excimer laser orthe like. In addition, in order to form structures of the movable memberH1 or the like further on the ferroelectric substrate H5 in which thetrench portion H6 is formed, the sacrificial layer made of amorphoussilicon is formed to cover the ferroelectric substrate H5 so that a newhorizontal surface is obtained as illustrated in FIG. 41. Then, desiredstructures are formed on the sacrificial layer, and afterward thesacrificial layer is removed finally.

Note that a depth of the trench portion H6 should be designed to have avalue that is equal to or larger than a gap length between the movablemember H1 and the ferroelectric substrate H5 (i.e., approximately 1 μm).In addition, it is preferable to design a width and a pitch of thetrench portions H6 appropriately considering a relationship with a widthand a pitch of the electret H2 and the opposing electrode H4. Inaddition, it is preferable to design a tapered shape of the trenchportions H6 appropriately considering a processing step thereof.

A principle of operation of the power generation apparatus having theabove-mentioned structure will be described. When the movable member H1is moved in the horizontal direction by an external vibration input, arelative positional relationship between the fringe electric field H7and the trench portion H6 varies as compared with reference to FIGS. 52Aand 52B, so that the state of the electric flux line penetrating intothe ferroelectric substrate H5 varies. For instance, in the initialposition of the movable member H1 (see FIG. 52A), a protruding portionof the ferroelectric substrate H5 exists between the electret H2 and theopposing electrode H4, so that the gap length between the movable memberH1 and the ferroelectric substrate H5 is relatively short, i.e., theelectric flux line can easily penetrate into the ferroelectric substrateH5. In contrast, on the position after the horizontal displacement ofthe movable member H1 (see FIG. 52B), the trench portion H6 existsbetween the electret H2 and the opposing electrode H4, so that the gaplength between the movable member H1 and the ferroelectric substrate H5is relatively long, i.e., the electric flux line hardly penetrate intothe ferroelectric substrate H5. This means that the capacitance C formedbetween the electret H2 and the opposing electrode H4 varies. Thevariation of the capacitance C occurs due to a variation of a volumeratio of the dielectric to the air between the two electrodes, i.e., avariation of the equivalent relative permittivity ∈_(r). Along with theabove-mentioned variation of capacitance between the two electrodes, apredetermined amount of electric charge Q is induced in the opposingelectrode H4. Then, the electric charge Q is output as current I basedon the equation (2).

In this way, according to the power generation apparatus of the fourthvariation example, power generation based on the horizontal vibrationcan be performed without providing a metal layer on the surface of theferroelectric substrate H5. Therefore, it is possible to preventunwanted discharge in the actual use. Thus, it is possible to decreasethe gap distance between the ferroelectric substrate H5 and the movablemember H1, so as to contribute to downsizing of the power generationapparatus and improvement of power generation efficiency.

FIGS. 53A to 53C are cross sectional views illustrating respectivelyfirst to third structural examples of the power generation apparatusaccording to the fourth variation example of the present invention. FIG.53A illustrates a first structural example (trench formation type), FIG.53B illustrates a second structural example (silica lamination type),and FIG. 53C illustrates a third structural example (protective layerformation type).

The first structural example (trench formation type) of FIG. 53A has thestructure that is illustrated in FIGS. 52A and 52B. Trench portions I3are formed by wet etching, dry etching using an ICP device or the like,machining (dicing), or laser beam process using an excimer laser or thelike on the surface of a ferroelectric substrate I2. Similarly to thegap region between a movable member I1 and the ferroelectric substrateI2, the inside of the trench portion I3 is in a low vacuum state (i.e.,not a high vacuum state or an ultra high vacuum state) or is filled withair, inert gas (such as N₂), a gas having a discharge preventing effect(e.g., a gas containing SF₆ as a main component) or the like. With thisstructure, the state (relative permittivity) can be equalized betweenthe gap region and the inside of the trench. Note that the gap regionand the inside of the trench should not be a high vacuum state or anultra high vacuum so as to avoid discharge. In this specification, the“low vacuum state” means a state having a pressure of atmosphericpressure to 10⁻¹ Pa, the “high vacuum state” means a state having apressure of 10⁻¹ to 10⁻⁵ Pa, and the “ultra high vacuum state” means astate having a pressure of 10⁻⁵ Pa or lower.

The second structural example of FIG. 53B (silica lamination type) hasthe structure in which a silica layer I3′ (having a relativepermittivity of approximately 3) is formed in the trench portion I3formed in the first structural example of FIG. 53A, so that the surfaceof the ferroelectric substrate I2 is flattened. With this structure,contact (friction) between the movable member I1 and the ferroelectricsubstrate I2 can be reduced. In addition, since the surface of theferroelectric substrate I2 is flattened, structures can be formed on theflattened surface by a surface micromachining method.

The third structural example of FIG. 53C (protective layer formationtype) has the structure in which a protective layer I4 is added to thesecond structural example of FIG. 53B, so as to cover the ferroelectricsubstrate I2 and the silica layer I3′ and to have a horizontal surfacewith respect to the movable member I1. Note that the protective layer I4is preferably made of a material having a small friction coefficientsuch as a fluorocarbon resin. With this structure, the movable member I1can move to slide smoothly on the surface of a protective layer I4 evenif the ferroelectric substrate I2 and the movable member I1 happen tocontact with each other. Therefore, a mechanical breakdown of the powergeneration apparatus can be avoided.

Note that the structure of the present invention can be modifiedvariously from the embodiments and variation examples described abovewithout deviating from the spirit of the invention. In other words, theembodiments described above should be considered as examples and not alimitation in all points. The technical scope of the present inventionis defined by not the above description of embodiments but by theattached claims, and should be interpreted to include every modificationwithin the scope of the claims and its equivalent meanings and range.

For instance, the gap between the ferroelectric substrate and themovable member may be in a low vacuum state or may be filled with air,inert gas (such as N₂), a gas having a discharge preventing effect(e.g., a gas containing SF₆ as a main component) or the like. When thegap is made to be in a low vacuum state, an exhausting step may be used,or it is possible to use a phenomenon that gas goes out through the gapin a high temperature process so that the low vacuum state is creatednaturally.

In addition, as to the ferroelectric disposed at the position that isopposed to the movable member, the substrate itself may be formed of aferroelectric material (see FIGS. 3A to 3C and the like), or aferroelectric layer may be formed on the substrate by a thin filmprinting technique (see FIGS. 8A to 8F and the like), or a plate-likeferroelectric may be manufactured in another step and may be glued ontothe substrate (see FIGS. 14 and 32 and the like).

In addition, as for the industrial applicability of the presentinvention, the power generation apparatus according to the presentinvention can be used appropriately as a power source for varioussensors or wireless devices.

Note that the above description is made for a best mode embodiment ofthe present invention, but it is obvious to a skilled person in the artthat the disclosed invention can be modified in various methods andother various embodiment can be adopted in a manner different from thatdescribed above concretely. Therefore, the attached claims are intendedto include every variation of the present invention in the scope withoutdeviating from the spirit and the technical view of the presentinvention.

What is claimed is:
 1. A power generation apparatus comprising: adielectric; a movable member being opposed to the dielectric with apredetermined distance; an electret and an opposing electrode that areformed on the surface of the movable member facing the dielectric so asto generate a fringe electric field penetrating into the dielectricbetween the electret and opposing electrode when the moveable member isin a first position relative to the dielectric; a metal layer formed onthe surface of the dielectric facing the movable member so as to preventthe fringe electric field from penetrating into the dielectric when themoveable member is in a second position relative to the dielectric; anda base electrode that is embedded in the movable member and from which areference potential is taken during power generation, wherein when thevolume occupancy of the dielectric between the electret and the opposingelectrode varies in accordance with a displacement of the movablemember, the power generation apparatus outputs the electric chargeinduced in the opposing electrode as electric current.
 2. The powergeneration apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the metal layer isformed so as to protrude from the surface of the dielectric facing themovable member.
 3. The power generation apparatus according to claim 1,wherein the metal layer is formed so as to be embedded in the surface ofthe dielectric facing the movable member.
 4. The power generationapparatus according to claim 1, further comprising a low permittivityinsulating film that is formed so as to cover the dielectric and themetal layer and has a horizontal surface with respect to the movablemember, the film being made of a material having low sliding frictionlike fluorocarbon resin or polyimide resin.
 5. The power generationapparatus according to claim 1, further comprising a beam portion as asupporting member for the movable member, wherein a length in thethickness direction of the beam portion is larger than a length in thewidth direction of the same.
 6. The power generation apparatus accordingto claim 1, further comprising an electret terminal for injecting apredetermined amount of electric charge into the electret by contactdischarge.
 7. The power generation apparatus according to claim 1,wherein the dielectric has a relative permittivity of 1,000 or larger.8. The power generation apparatus according to claim 1, wherein a gapregion between the dielectric and the movable member is in a low vacuumstate.
 9. The power generation apparatus according to claim 1, wherein agap region between the dielectric and the movable member is filled witha predetermined gas.
 10. The power generation apparatus according toclaim 9, wherein the predetermined gas is any one of air, inert gas anda gas having a discharge preventing effect.
 11. The power generationapparatus according to claim 10, wherein the gas having a dischargepreventing effect contains SF6 as a main component.
 12. The powergeneration apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the power generationapparatus is manufactured by using a surface micromachining technology.13. The power generation apparatus according to claim 1, wherein theelectret is formed on the base electrode in contact therewith.
 14. Thepower generation apparatus according to claim 13, the electret is formedembedded in the surface of the movable member facing the dielectric. 15.The power generation apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the baseelectrode is electrically grounded.